بررسی دگرسانی، کانه‌زایی و میانبارهای سیال ذخیره مس- طلای خوینرود، شمال ورزقان، استان آذربایجان شرقی، شمال‌غرب ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 گروه علوم زمین، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

منطقه خوینرود در 25 کیلومتری شمال شهرستان ورزقان، استان آذربایجان شرقی و در منطقه فلززایی ارسباران قرار دارد. سنگ‌های میزبان رگه- رگچه‌های کوارتز دارای ترکیب کوارتزمونزونیتی و دیوریتی هستند. دگرسانی‌های قابل تشخیص پیرامون رگه- رگچه‌های کوارتزی شامل انواع سیلیسی، فیلیک، آرژیلی و پروپیلیتی هستند. رگه- رگچه‌های کوارتزی بافت‌های نواری، شانه‌ای، پرکننده فضای خالی، حفره‌ای و برشی دارند. کانه‌زایی طی دو مرحله درونزاد و برونزاد رخ داده است. کانی‌های درونزاد شامل کانی‌های سولفیدی (کالکوپیریت، پیریت و بورنیت) و طلا هستند که با کانی‌های برونزاد چون اکسیدها و هیدروکسیدهای آهن (گوتیت، هماتیت و جاروسیت)، کربنات‌های مس (مالاکیت و آزوریت) و سولفیدهای ثانویه مس (کوولیت و کالکوسیت) همراهی می‌شوند. دماسنجی میانبارهای سیال دوفازی غنی از مایع در کانی کوارتز همزاد با کانی‌سازی نشان می‌دهد که شوری میانبارهای سیال بین 8 تا 20 درصد وزنی معادل نمک طعام و دمای همگن‌شدگی آنها در گستره 140 تا 380 درجه سانتی‌گراد قرار است. بر اساس یافته‌های دما‌سنجی، لیگاندهای مؤثر در حمل و نقل فلزها از نوع کلریدی و سولفیدی بوده و پدیده جوشش، سرد شدن و رقیق‌شدگی با سیال­های جوی مهمترین سازوکارها در نهشت کانسنگ‌ها هستند. بررسی یافته‌های زمین‌شناسی، دگرسانی، کانی‌شناسی، بافتی و میانبارهای سیال در رگه- رگچه‌های کوارتز نشان‌ می­دهد که کانه‌زایی در منطقه خوینرود شباهت بسیاری به ذخایر فراگرمایی نوع سولفیدشدگی پایین دارد.    

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of alteration, mineralization and fluid inclusions of the Khoynaroud Cu-Au deposit, north of Varzaghan, East Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ghahraman Sohrabi 1
  • Fatemeh Hassani Soughi 2
  • Zahra Hassani Soughi 2
1 Department of Geology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran
2 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Khoynaroud area is located about 25 km north of Varzaghan city in the Arasbaran metallogenic district. The quartz vein-veinlets host rocks are quartz monzonite and diorite. Distinctive alterations around the quartz vein-veinlets include silicic, phyllic, argillic, and propylitic types. The quartz vein-veinlets display ribbon, comb, open-space filling, vuggy, and brecciated textures. The mineralization took place during two stages, hypogene and supergene. The hypogene minerals include sulfide minerals (chalcopyrite, pyrite, and bornite) and gold, which are associated with supergene minerals such as Fe oxides-hydroxides (goethite, hematite, and jarosite), copper carbonates (malachite and azurite), and secondary copper sulfides (covellite and chalcocite). Study of microthermometry on liquid-rich two-phase fluid inclusions in quartz mineral coexisting with mineralization indicates that values of salinity of fluid inclusions vary from 8 to 20 wt%. NaCl equiv and values of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions range from 140º to 380ºC. According to the microthermometric data, the effective ligands in transporting metals are chloride and sulfide and the phenomenon of boiling, cooling, and surface fluid dilution are the most important mechanisms in the deposition of ore minerals. Study of geological, alteration, mineralogical, textural, and fluid inclusion shows that the mineralization in the Khoynaroud area is very similar to epithermal deposits of the low-sulfidation type.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • fluid inclusions
  • gold mineralization
  • epithermal
  • Khoynaroud
  • Varzaghan

مراجع

  1. [1] Nabavi M.H., "An introduction to the Iranian geology (in Persian)", Geological Survey of Iran, (1976) 110p.
  2. [1] Nabavi M.H., "An introduction to the Iranian geology (in Persian)", Geological Survey of Iran, (1976) 110p.
  3. [2] Mehrpartou M., Aminifazl, A., Radfar J., "Geological map of the Varzaghan (1:100000 scale) (in Persian)", Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran (1992).
  4. [2] Mehrpartou M., Aminifazl, A., Radfar J., "Geological map of the Varzaghan (1:100000 scale) (in Persian)", Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran (1992).
  5. [3] Ghorbani M., "An introduction to economic geology of Iran (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran (2002) 659p.
  6. [3] Ghorbani M., "An introduction to economic geology of Iran (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran (2002) 659p.
  7. [4] Maghsoudi A., Rahmani M., Rashidi B., "Gold deposits and indications of Iran (in Persian)", Arian Zamin publication (2004) 364p.
  8. [4] Maghsoudi A., Rahmani M., Rashidi B., "Gold deposits and indications of Iran (in Persian)", Arian Zamin publication (2004) 364p.
  9. [5] Calagari A.A., "Geology and fracture- related hypogene hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of porphyry copper deposit at Sungun, Iran", Journal Geological Society of India 64 (2004) 595-618.
  10. [5] Calagari A.A., "Geology and fracture- related hypogene hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of porphyry copper deposit at Sungun, Iran", Journal Geological Society of India 64 (2004) 595-618.
  11. [6] Sheikh S, Calagari A.A., Abedini A., "The mineralogy of alteration systems in Masjeddaghi, east of Jolfa, East - Azarbaidjan Province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 17 (4) (2010) 579-590.
  12. [6] Sheikh S, Calagari A.A., Abedini A., "The mineralogy of alteration systems in Masjeddaghi, east of Jolfa, East - Azarbaidjan Province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 17 (4) (2010) 579-590.
  13. [7] Atalou S., Nazafati N., Lotfi M., Aghazadeh M., "Fluid inclusion investigations of the Masjed Daghi copper-gold porphyry-epithermal mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran", Open Journal of Geology 7(8) (2017) 1110-1127. [DOI:10.4236/ojg.2017.78074]
  14. [7] Atalou S., Nazafati N., Lotfi M., Aghazadeh M., "Fluid inclusion investigations of the Masjed Daghi copper-gold porphyry-epithermal mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran", Open Journal of Geology 7(8) (2017) 1110-1127. [DOI:10.4236/ojg.2017.78074]
  15. [8] Pournik P., "Economic geology and Au exploration at Sharafabad-Hizehjan area (northwest of Varzaghan) (in Persian with English abstract)", Institute of Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran (2002) 201p.
  16. [8] Pournik P., "Economic geology and Au exploration at Sharafabad-Hizehjan area (northwest of Varzaghan) (in Persian with English abstract)", Institute of Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran (2002) 201p.
  17. [9] Ghadimzadeh H., "Economic geology and Au exploration at Safikhanlou-Noghdouz area (SE Ahar) (in Persian with English abstract)", MSc Thesis, Institute of Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran (2002) 232p.
  18. [9] Ghadimzadeh H., "Economic geology and Au exploration at Safikhanlou-Noghdouz area (SE Ahar) (in Persian with English abstract)", MSc Thesis, Institute of Earth Science, Geological Survey of Iran (2002) 232p.
  19. [10] Miranvari A.S., Calagari A.A., Siahcheshm K., Sohrabi G., "Investigation of genesis and fluid origin in Noghduz gold bearing quartz veins, East Azarbaijan Province, northwest of Iran (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (3) (2019) 551-564. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.3.551]
  20. [10] Miranvari A.S., Calagari A.A., Siahcheshm K., Sohrabi G., "Investigation of genesis and fluid origin in Noghduz gold bearing quartz veins, East Azarbaijan Province, northwest of Iran (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (3) (2019) 551-564. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.3.551]
  21. [11] Baniadam F., "Geology and genesis of gold-copper mineralization in Nabijan area (in Persian with English abstract)", MSc Thesis, Institute of Geoscience, Geological Survey of Iran (2003) 167p.
  22. [11] Baniadam F., "Geology and genesis of gold-copper mineralization in Nabijan area (in Persian with English abstract)", MSc Thesis, Institute of Geoscience, Geological Survey of Iran (2003) 167p.
  23. [12] Gharesi M., Rasa I., Yazdi M., "Investigation of Mazraeh Skarn mineralization, North of Ahar, with an emphasis on fluid inclusion studies (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 26 (1) (2018) 229-244. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.26.1.229]
  24. [12] Gharesi M., Rasa I., Yazdi M., "Investigation of Mazraeh Skarn mineralization, North of Ahar, with an emphasis on fluid inclusion studies (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 26 (1) (2018) 229-244. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.26.1.229]
  25. [13] Ferdowsi R., Calagari A.A., Hosseinzadeh M.R., Siahcheshm K., "Petrography, geochemistry and mineral chemistry of Astarghan granodioritic stock, Kharvana, East-Azarbaidjan (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 23 (4) (2016) 759-774.
  26. [13] Ferdowsi R., Calagari A.A., Hosseinzadeh M.R., Siahcheshm K., "Petrography, geochemistry and mineral chemistry of Astarghan granodioritic stock, Kharvana, East-Azarbaidjan (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 23 (4) (2016) 759-774.
  27. [14] Momenzadeh M., "Evaluation of the known ore deposits in Ahar rectangle (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Report (1985).
  28. [14] Momenzadeh M., "Evaluation of the known ore deposits in Ahar rectangle (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Report (1985).
  29. [15] Mobasher A., Azarm F., "Investigation and introduction of the potential of gold and other elements in the Khoynaroud area (northwest of Ahar) using the geochemical method and heavy minerals at 1:20000 scale (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Report (1991) 117p.
  30. [15] Mobasher A., Azarm F., "Investigation and introduction of the potential of gold and other elements in the Khoynaroud area (northwest of Ahar) using the geochemical method and heavy minerals at 1:20000 scale (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Report (1991) 117p.
  31. [16] ESPEER Group., "Report of exploration of the Khoynaroud mineralized area (north of Varzaghan city, East Azarbaidjan province) for the purpose of exploration of precious and base metals (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran (2006).
  32. [16] ESPEER Group., "Report of exploration of the Khoynaroud mineralized area (north of Varzaghan city, East Azarbaidjan province) for the purpose of exploration of precious and base metals (in Persian)", Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran (2006).
  33. [17] Whitney D.L., Evans B.W., "Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals", American Mineralogist 95 (2010) 185-187. [DOI:10.2138/am.2010.3371]
  34. [17] Whitney D.L., Evans B.W., "Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals", American Mineralogist 95 (2010) 185-187. [DOI:10.2138/am.2010.3371]
  35. [18] Wilkinson J.J., "Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits", Lithos 55 (2001) 229-272. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5]
  36. [18] Wilkinson J.J., "Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits", Lithos 55 (2001) 229-272. [DOI:10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5]
  37. [19] Roedder E.,"Discussion of a reassessment of phase-equilibria involving 2 liquids in the system K2O-Al2O3-FeO-SiO2", Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 82 (1984) 284-290. [DOI:10.1007/BF01166622]
  38. [19] Roedder E.,"Discussion of a reassessment of phase-equilibria involving 2 liquids in the system K2O-Al2O3-FeO-SiO2", Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 82 (1984) 284-290. [DOI:10.1007/BF01166622]
  39. [20] Shepherd T.J., Rankin A.H., Alderton D.H., "A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies", Blackie, Glasgow (1985) 239p.
  40. [20] Shepherd T.J., Rankin A.H., Alderton D.H., "A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies", Blackie, Glasgow (1985) 239p.
  41. [21] Bodnar R.J, "Introduction to aqueous-electrolyte fluid inclusions", In: Samson I., Anderson A., Marshal D., (Editors), Fluid inclusions: Analysis and interpretation. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 32 (2003) 81-100.
  42. [21] Bodnar R.J, "Introduction to aqueous-electrolyte fluid inclusions", In: Samson I., Anderson A., Marshal D., (Editors), Fluid inclusions: Analysis and interpretation. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 32 (2003) 81-100.
  43. [22] Simmons S.F., White N.C., John, D.A., "Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits", In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., Richards J.P., (Editors), Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton (2005) 485-522. [DOI:10.5382/AV100.16]
  44. [22] Simmons S.F., White N.C., John, D.A., "Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits", In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., Richards J.P., (Editors), Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton (2005) 485-522. [DOI:10.5382/AV100.16]
  45. [23] Moncada D., Mutchler S., Nieto A., Reynolds T.J., Rimstidt J.D., Bodnar R.J., "Mineral textures and fluid inclusion petrography of the epithermal Ag-Au deposits at Guanajuato, Mexico: Application to exploration", Journal of Geochemical Exploration 114 (2012) 20-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.12.001]
  46. [23] Moncada D., Mutchler S., Nieto A., Reynolds T.J., Rimstidt J.D., Bodnar R.J., "Mineral textures and fluid inclusion petrography of the epithermal Ag-Au deposits at Guanajuato, Mexico: Application to exploration", Journal of Geochemical Exploration 114 (2012) 20-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.12.001]
  47. [24] Bodnar, R.J., Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Moncada D., Steele-MacInnis M., "Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits", In: Holland H.D., Turekian K.K., (Editors), Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Oxford (2014) 119-142. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01105-0]
  48. [24] Bodnar, R.J., Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Moncada D., Steele-MacInnis M., "Fluid Inclusions in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits", In: Holland H.D., Turekian K.K., (Editors), Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Oxford (2014) 119-142. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01105-0]
  49. [25] Bodnar R.J, "A method of calculating fluid inclusion volumes based on vapor bubble diameters and PVTX properties of inclusion fluid", Economic Geology 78(3) (1983) 535-542. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.78.3.535]
  50. [25] Bodnar R.J, "A method of calculating fluid inclusion volumes based on vapor bubble diameters and PVTX properties of inclusion fluid", Economic Geology 78(3) (1983) 535-542. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.78.3.535]
  51. [26] Hedenquist J.W., Arribas A.R., Gonzalez-Urien E., "Exploration for epithermal gold deposits", In: Hagemann S.G., Brown P.E., (Editors), Gold in 2000, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton (2000) 245-277. [DOI:10.5382/Rev.13.07]
  52. [26] Hedenquist J.W., Arribas A.R., Gonzalez-Urien E., "Exploration for epithermal gold deposits", In: Hagemann S.G., Brown P.E., (Editors), Gold in 2000, Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton (2000) 245-277. [DOI:10.5382/Rev.13.07]
  53. [27] Dong G., Morrison G., Jaireth S., "Quartz textures in epithermal veins, Queensland-Classification, origin, and implication", Economic Geology 90(6) (1995) 1841-1856. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.6.1841]
  54. [27] Dong G., Morrison G., Jaireth S., "Quartz textures in epithermal veins, Queensland-Classification, origin, and implication", Economic Geology 90(6) (1995) 1841-1856. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.6.1841]
  55. [28] Cooke D.R., Mcpall D.C., Bloom M.S., "Epithermal gold mineralization, Acupan, Baguio District, Philipines, geology, mineralization, alteration and the thermochemical environment of ore deposition", Economic Geology 91(2) (1996) 243-272. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.91.2.243]
  56. [28] Cooke D.R., Mcpall D.C., Bloom M.S., "Epithermal gold mineralization, Acupan, Baguio District, Philipines, geology, mineralization, alteration and the thermochemical environment of ore deposition", Economic Geology 91(2) (1996) 243-272. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.91.2.243]
  57. [29] Sparkes G.W, "A prospector's guide to alteration and epithermal gold mineralization-Examples from Eastern Avalon", Technical Report, Geological Survey Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (2012) 27p.
  58. [29] Sparkes G.W, "A prospector's guide to alteration and epithermal gold mineralization-Examples from Eastern Avalon", Technical Report, Geological Survey Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (2012) 27p.
  59. [30] Corbett G., "Epithermal gold for explorationists", Australian Institute of Geoscientists 1 (2002) 1-26.
  60. [30] Corbett G., "Epithermal gold for explorationists", Australian Institute of Geoscientists 1 (2002) 1-26.
  61. [31] Salehi Tinooni M., Abedini A., Calagari A.A., "Investigation of mineralization, REE geochemistry, and fluid inclusions studies of the Shalang vein-type polymetallic ore deposit, southwest of Kerman (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (4) (2019) 767-780. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.4.767]
  62. [31] Salehi Tinooni M., Abedini A., Calagari A.A., "Investigation of mineralization, REE geochemistry, and fluid inclusions studies of the Shalang vein-type polymetallic ore deposit, southwest of Kerman (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 27 (4) (2019) 767-780. [DOI:10.29252/ijcm.27.4.767]
  63. [32] Omidvar Eshkalak M.R., Mokhtari A.A., "Geology, alteration, geochemistry and fluid inclusion of Au mineralization in the north Bazman (in Persian)", Journal of Geosciences 24 (95) (2015) 165-180.
  64. [32] Omidvar Eshkalak M.R., Mokhtari A.A., "Geology, alteration, geochemistry and fluid inclusion of Au mineralization in the north Bazman (in Persian)", Journal of Geosciences 24 (95) (2015) 165-180.
  65. [33] Hosseini Dinani H., Bagheri H., Shamsipour Dehkordi R., "Mineralization and geochemical studies in the Kalchouyeh occurrence, southwest of Naein (in Persian)", Journal of Economic Geology 4 (2) (2012) 241-256.
  66. [33] Hosseini Dinani H., Bagheri H., Shamsipour Dehkordi R., "Mineralization and geochemical studies in the Kalchouyeh occurrence, southwest of Naein (in Persian)", Journal of Economic Geology 4 (2) (2012) 241-256.
  67. [34] Hassani Soughi Z., Calagari A.A., Sohrabi Gh., "Gold-sulfide mineralization and microthermometry in quartz veins/veinlets in the Gharehchay area, south of Tikmehdash, East-Azarbaidjan province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy (29) (1) (2021) 97-110. [DOI:10.52547/ijcm.29.1.97]
  68. [34] Hassani Soughi Z., Calagari A.A., Sohrabi Gh., "Gold-sulfide mineralization and microthermometry in quartz veins/veinlets in the Gharehchay area, south of Tikmehdash, East-Azarbaidjan province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy (29) (1) (2021) 97-110. [DOI:10.52547/ijcm.29.1.97]
  69. [35] Pirajno F., "Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems", Springer Science, New York (2009) 1273p. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7]
  70. [35] Pirajno F., "Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems", Springer Science, New York (2009) 1273p. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7]

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 05 مرداد 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 30 مهر 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 28 آبان 1401

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار