Talkhabvand barite mine, east of Bajestan, Khorasan Razavi Province: Mineralogy, REE geochemistry and fluids inclusion studies

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 University of Gonabad

Abstract

Talkhabvand mine is located east of Bajestan, Khorasan Razavi Province, and northwest of Lut Block. Geology of the area includes Jurassic metamorphic rocks, Cretaceous limestone, intrusive rocks, and skarn unit and Eocene volcanic rocks. Barite mineralization as vein, with mainly NW-SE trening has cut all rock units. Minerals consist of barite, quartz and calcite associated with minor oxidized pyrite and galena and secondary minerals such as goethite, limonite, covellite, malachite and anglesite. Positive anomaly of La and Gd, high negative anomaly of Ce (-0.5 to -1.27), and Ce/La <1 (0.05 to 0.55) reveal that barites have formed in marine environment. Although, field evidences reject this issue. LREE/HREE enrichment of barites indicates that the ore-fluid was Cl-rich. Formation temperature of different minerals of Talkhabvand deposit ranges between 138 to 390ºC and is occurred from NaCl-, and CaCl2-bearing fluid with 7.5 to 15.8 wt. % NaCl equivalent salinity. The results indicate that barium- and silica-rich solutions originate from magmatic water. Increasing the salinity of the ore fluid in the final stages is due to the addition of basinal saline waters to the environment. Based on geology, mineralization, geochemistry of major oxides and REE, and fluid inclusion studies, Talkhabvand deposit can be hydrothermal barite.

Keywords

References

  1. [1] Hanor J.S., "Barite-celestine geochemistry and environments of formation", In: Alpers C.N., Jambor J.L., Nordstrom D.K. (Eds.), Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry - Sulfate Minerals, Vol. 40. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C, (2000) 193-275. [DOI:10.2138/rmg.2000.40.4]
  2. [1] Hanor J.S., "Barite-celestine geochemistry and environments of formation", In: Alpers C.N., Jambor J.L., Nordstrom D.K. (Eds.), Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry - Sulfate Minerals, Vol. 40. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C, (2000) 193-275. [DOI:10.2138/rmg.2000.40.4]
  3. [2] Griffith E.M., Paytan, A., "Barite in the ocean-occurrence, geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications", Sedimentology 59 (2012) 1817-1835. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01327.x]
  4. [2] Griffith E.M., Paytan, A., "Barite in the ocean-occurrence, geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications", Sedimentology 59 (2012) 1817-1835. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01327.x]
  5. [3] Ghorbani M., "The Economic Geology of Iran, Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources", Springer Geology, Dordrecht (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007- 5625-0. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0]
  6. [3] Ghorbani M., "The Economic Geology of Iran, Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources", Springer Geology, Dordrecht (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007- 5625-0. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0]
  7. [4] Ghorbani M., "Economic Geology of Mineral and Natural Resources of Iran", Arianzamin, Tehran (2007).
  8. [4] Ghorbani M., "Economic Geology of Mineral and Natural Resources of Iran", Arianzamin, Tehran (2007).
  9. [5] Ehya F., "Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran", Mineralogy and Petrology 104 (2012) 81-93. [DOI:10.1007/s00710-011-0172-8]
  10. [5] Ehya F., "Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran", Mineralogy and Petrology 104 (2012) 81-93. [DOI:10.1007/s00710-011-0172-8]
  11. [6] USGS, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014", U.S. Geological Survey (2014) 196 p.
  12. [6] USGS, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014", U.S. Geological Survey (2014) 196 p.
  13. [7] Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A., Karimpour M.H., Esfandiarpour A., "Petrography and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks in the northeast of Nayband, East of Iran", Iranian Journal of Petrology 16 (2013) 105-124.
  14. [7] Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A., Karimpour M.H., Esfandiarpour A., "Petrography and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks in the northeast of Nayband, East of Iran", Iranian Journal of Petrology 16 (2013) 105-124.
  15. [8] Ahmadi Rouhani R., "Mineralization, geochemistry, tectonic, and petrogenesis of Bajestan intrusive rocks", Ph.D thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, (2018) 420 p.
  16. [8] Ahmadi Rouhani R., "Mineralization, geochemistry, tectonic, and petrogenesis of Bajestan intrusive rocks", Ph.D thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, (2018) 420 p.
  17. [9] Steele-MacInnis M., Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Bodnar R.J., "HOKIEFLINCS-H2O-NACL: A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for interpreting microthermometric data from fluid inclusions based on the PVTX properties of H2O-NaCl", Computer in Geosciences 49 (2012) 334-337. [DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.022]
  18. [9] Steele-MacInnis M., Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Bodnar R.J., "HOKIEFLINCS-H2O-NACL: A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for interpreting microthermometric data from fluid inclusions based on the PVTX properties of H2O-NaCl", Computer in Geosciences 49 (2012) 334-337. [DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.022]
  19. [10] Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Steel-MacInnis M., Bodnar R.J., "A numerical model to estimate trapping conditions of fluid inclusions that homogenize by halite disappearance", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 92 (2012) 14-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.044]
  20. [10] Lecumberri-Sanchez P., Steel-MacInnis M., Bodnar R.J., "A numerical model to estimate trapping conditions of fluid inclusions that homogenize by halite disappearance", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 92 (2012) 14-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.044]
  21. [11] Ashouri A., Karimpour M.H., Saadat S., "Geological map of Bajestan, 1:100000 scale", Geological Survey of Iran (2005).
  22. [11] Ashouri A., Karimpour M.H., Saadat S., "Geological map of Bajestan, 1:100000 scale", Geological Survey of Iran (2005).
  23. [12] Ahmadi Rouhani R., Karimpour M.H., Rahimi B., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A., Klotzli U., Santos J.F., "Petrology, geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Bajestan granitoids, North of Ferdows, Khorasan Razvi Province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Economic Geology 8 (2) (2017) 525-552.
  24. [12] Ahmadi Rouhani R., Karimpour M.H., Rahimi B., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A., Klotzli U., Santos J.F., "Petrology, geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Bajestan granitoids, North of Ferdows, Khorasan Razvi Province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Economic Geology 8 (2) (2017) 525-552.
  25. [13] Whitney D.L, Evans B.W., "Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals", American Mineralogist 95 (2010) 185-187. [DOI:10.2138/am.2010.3371]
  26. [13] Whitney D.L, Evans B.W., "Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals", American Mineralogist 95 (2010) 185-187. [DOI:10.2138/am.2010.3371]
  27. [14] Lottermoser B.G., Ashley P.M., "Geochemistry and exploration significance of ironstones and bar‌ite-rich rocks in the Proterozoic Willyama Super‌group, Olary Block, South Australia", Journal of Geo‌chemical Exploration 57 (1996) 57-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0375-6742(96)00016-7]
  28. [14] Lottermoser B.G., Ashley P.M., "Geochemistry and exploration significance of ironstones and bar‌ite-rich rocks in the Proterozoic Willyama Super‌group, Olary Block, South Australia", Journal of Geo‌chemical Exploration 57 (1996) 57-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0375-6742(96)00016-7]
  29. [15] Greaves M.J., Elderfield, H., Klinkhammer G.P., "Determination of the rare earth elements in natural water by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry", Analytical Chemistry Acta 218 (1989) 265-280. [DOI:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80303-7]
  30. [15] Greaves M.J., Elderfield, H., Klinkhammer G.P., "Determination of the rare earth elements in natural water by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry", Analytical Chemistry Acta 218 (1989) 265-280. [DOI:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80303-7]
  31. [16] Boynton W.V., "Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements, Meteorite studies", in: P. Henderson (ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (Developments in Geochemistry 2), Elsevier, Amesterdam (1984) 1115-1522. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3]
  32. [16] Boynton W.V., "Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements, Meteorite studies", in: P. Henderson (ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (Developments in Geochemistry 2), Elsevier, Amesterdam (1984) 1115-1522. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3]
  33. [17] Roedder E., "Fluid inclusions", Reviews in Mineralogy 12 (1984) 644 pp. [DOI:10.1515/9781501508271]
  34. [17] Roedder E., "Fluid inclusions", Reviews in Mineralogy 12 (1984) 644 pp. [DOI:10.1515/9781501508271]
  35. [18] Sheppherd T.j., Rankin A.H., Alderton D.H.M., "A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies", Blackie and Son (1985) 239 pp.
  36. [18] Sheppherd T.j., Rankin A.H., Alderton D.H.M., "A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies", Blackie and Son (1985) 239 pp.
  37. [19] Guichard F., Church T.M., Treuil M., Jaffrezic H., "Rare earths in barites: distribution and effects on aqueous partitioning", Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta 43 (1979) 983-997. [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90088-7]
  38. [19] Guichard F., Church T.M., Treuil M., Jaffrezic H., "Rare earths in barites: distribution and effects on aqueous partitioning", Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta 43 (1979) 983-997. [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90088-7]
  39. [20] Bozkaya G., Gokce A., "Major, Trace and REE geochemistry of the Koru (Canakkale) Pb-Zn deposits", Geological Bulletin of Turkey 45-2 (2002) 1-17.
  40. [20] Bozkaya G., Gokce A., "Major, Trace and REE geochemistry of the Koru (Canakkale) Pb-Zn deposits", Geological Bulletin of Turkey 45-2 (2002) 1-17.
  41. [21] Bozkaya G., Gökce A., "Trace- and rare-earth element geochemistry of the Karalar (Gaipasa-Antalya) barite-galena deposits, Southern Turkey", Turkish Journal of Earth Science 13 (2004) 63-75.
  42. [21] Bozkaya G., Gökce A., "Trace- and rare-earth element geochemistry of the Karalar (Gaipasa-Antalya) barite-galena deposits, Southern Turkey", Turkish Journal of Earth Science 13 (2004) 63-75.
  43. [22] Clark S.H.B., Poole F.G., Wang, Z., "Comparison of some sediment hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India", Ore Geology Review 24 (2004) 85-101. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009]
  44. [22] Clark S.H.B., Poole F.G., Wang, Z., "Comparison of some sediment hosted, stratiform barite deposits in China, the United States, and India", Ore Geology Review 24 (2004) 85-101. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.009]
  45. [23] Jurković I., Garašić V., Hrvatović H., "Geochemical characteristics of barite occurrences in the Paleozoic complex of South-eastern Bosnia and their relationship to the barite deposits of the Mid- Bosnian Schist Mountain", Geology of Croat 63 (2010) 241-258 [DOI:10.4154/gc.2010.20]
  46. [23] Jurković I., Garašić V., Hrvatović H., "Geochemical characteristics of barite occurrences in the Paleozoic complex of South-eastern Bosnia and their relationship to the barite deposits of the Mid- Bosnian Schist Mountain", Geology of Croat 63 (2010) 241-258 [DOI:10.4154/gc.2010.20]
  47. [24] Jurković I.B., Garašić V., Jurković, I.M., "Geochemical characteristics of mercurian tetrahedrite, barite and fluorite from the Duboki Vagan, Glumac and Dubrave-Dugi Dol barite deposits, south of Kreševo, Mid-Bosnian Schist Mts", Geology of Croat 64 (2011) 49-59. [DOI:10.4154/GC.2011.05]
  48. [24] Jurković I.B., Garašić V., Jurković, I.M., "Geochemical characteristics of mercurian tetrahedrite, barite and fluorite from the Duboki Vagan, Glumac and Dubrave-Dugi Dol barite deposits, south of Kreševo, Mid-Bosnian Schist Mts", Geology of Croat 64 (2011) 49-59. [DOI:10.4154/GC.2011.05]
  49. [25] Hajalilou B., Vusuq B., Moayed, M., "REE Geochemistry of Precambrian Shale-Hosted Barite-Galena Mineralization, a Case Study from NW Iran", Iranian Crystallography and Mineralogy Journal 22 (2014) 39-48.
  50. [25] Hajalilou B., Vusuq B., Moayed, M., "REE Geochemistry of Precambrian Shale-Hosted Barite-Galena Mineralization, a Case Study from NW Iran", Iranian Crystallography and Mineralogy Journal 22 (2014) 39-48.
  51. [26] Zarasvandi A., Zaheri N., Pourkaseb H., Chrachi A., Bagheri, H., "Geochemistry and fluid-inclusion microthermometry of the Farsesh barite deposit. Iran", Geologos 20 (2014) 201-214. [DOI:10.2478/logos-2014-0015]
  52. [26] Zarasvandi A., Zaheri N., Pourkaseb H., Chrachi A., Bagheri, H., "Geochemistry and fluid-inclusion microthermometry of the Farsesh barite deposit. Iran", Geologos 20 (2014) 201-214. [DOI:10.2478/logos-2014-0015]
  53. [27] Ehya F., Mazraei Sh. M., "Hydrothermal barite mineralization at Chenarvardeh deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: Evidences from REE geochemistry and fluid inclusions", Journal of African Earth Sciences 134 (2017) 299-307. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.11.006]
  54. [27] Ehya F., Mazraei Sh. M., "Hydrothermal barite mineralization at Chenarvardeh deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: Evidences from REE geochemistry and fluid inclusions", Journal of African Earth Sciences 134 (2017) 299-307. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.11.006]
  55. [28] Pourkaseb H., Taheri S., Zarasvandi A., Aliabadi M.A., "Geochemistry and genesis of Robate Paein barite deposit, Khomien, Markazi province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 24 (4) (2017) 813-824.
  56. [28] Pourkaseb H., Taheri S., Zarasvandi A., Aliabadi M.A., "Geochemistry and genesis of Robate Paein barite deposit, Khomien, Markazi province (in Persian)", Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 24 (4) (2017) 813-824.
  57. [29] Murray R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink M.R., Jones D.L., Ger‌lach D.C., Russ III G.P., "Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional envi‌ronments in chert and shale", Geology 18 (1990) 268-271.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2]
  58. [29] Murray R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink M.R., Jones D.L., Ger‌lach D.C., Russ III G.P., "Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional envi‌ronments in chert and shale", Geology 18 (1990) 268-271.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(1990)0182.3.CO;2]
  59. [30] Alexander B.W., Bau M., Andersson P., Dulski, P., "Continentally derived solutes in shallow Ar‌chean seawater: rare earth element and Nd isotope evidence in iron formation from the 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72 (2008) 378-394. [DOI:10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.028]
  60. [30] Alexander B.W., Bau M., Andersson P., Dulski, P., "Continentally derived solutes in shallow Ar‌chean seawater: rare earth element and Nd isotope evidence in iron formation from the 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72 (2008) 378-394. [DOI:10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.028]
  61. [31] Elderfield H., "The oceanic chemistry of the rare earth elements", Philos. Trans. R. Society of London A325 (1988) 105-126. [DOI:10.1098/rsta.1988.0046]
  62. [31] Elderfield H., "The oceanic chemistry of the rare earth elements", Philos. Trans. R. Society of London A325 (1988) 105-126. [DOI:10.1098/rsta.1988.0046]
  63. [32] Ding L., Zhong D., "Characteristics of rare earth elements and cerium anomalies in cherts from the Paleo-Tethys in Changning-Menglian belt in western Yunnan, China", Sciences of China (Ser D.) 39 (1996) 35-45.
  64. [32] Ding L., Zhong D., "Characteristics of rare earth elements and cerium anomalies in cherts from the Paleo-Tethys in Changning-Menglian belt in western Yunnan, China", Sciences of China (Ser D.) 39 (1996) 35-45.
  65. [33] Paropkari A.L., Ray D., Balaram V., Prakash L.S., Mirza I.H., Satyanarayana M., Rao T.G., Kaisary S., "Formation of hydrothermal deposits at kings Triple Junction, northern Lan back-arc basin, SW pacific: the geochemical perspectives", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 38 (2010) 121-130. [DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.12.003]
  66. [33] Paropkari A.L., Ray D., Balaram V., Prakash L.S., Mirza I.H., Satyanarayana M., Rao T.G., Kaisary S., "Formation of hydrothermal deposits at kings Triple Junction, northern Lan back-arc basin, SW pacific: the geochemical perspectives", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 38 (2010) 121-130. [DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.12.003]
  67. [34] Taylor R.P., Fryer B.J., "Rare earth element geochemistry as an aid to interpreting hydrothermal ore deposits". In: Mineralization associated with acid magmatism (ed) A M Evans (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd). (1983).
  68. [34] Taylor R.P., Fryer B.J., "Rare earth element geochemistry as an aid to interpreting hydrothermal ore deposits". In: Mineralization associated with acid magmatism (ed) A M Evans (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd). (1983).
  69. [35] Mukherjee A., Prabhakar G., "Fluid inclusion studies and sulphur and strontium isotope geochemistry of vein barites of Celugumetla, Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh", Journal of Geological Society of India 68 (2006) 201-206.
  70. [35] Mukherjee A., Prabhakar G., "Fluid inclusion studies and sulphur and strontium isotope geochemistry of vein barites of Celugumetla, Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh", Journal of Geological Society of India 68 (2006) 201-206.
  71. [36] Safina N.P., Melekestseva I.Y., Nimis P., Ankusheva N.N., Yuminov A.M., Kotlyarov V.A., Sadykov S.A., "Barite from the Saf'yanovka VMS deposit (Central Urals) and Semenov-1 and Semenov-3 hydrothermal sulfide fields (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): a comparative analysis of formation conditions", Mineralium Deposita (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-015-0617-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00126-015-0617-9]
  72. [36] Safina N.P., Melekestseva I.Y., Nimis P., Ankusheva N.N., Yuminov A.M., Kotlyarov V.A., Sadykov S.A., "Barite from the Saf'yanovka VMS deposit (Central Urals) and Semenov-1 and Semenov-3 hydrothermal sulfide fields (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): a comparative analysis of formation conditions", Mineralium Deposita (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-015-0617-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00126-015-0617-9]
  73. [37] Ramboz C., Charef A., "Temperature, pressure, burial history, and paleohydrogeology of the Les Malines Pb-Zn deposit: reconstruction from aqueous inclusions in barite", Economic Geology 83 (1988) 784-800. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.784]
  74. [37] Ramboz C., Charef A., "Temperature, pressure, burial history, and paleohydrogeology of the Les Malines Pb-Zn deposit: reconstruction from aqueous inclusions in barite", Economic Geology 83 (1988) 784-800. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.784]
Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy
Volume 27, Issue 4 - Serial Number 76
December 2019
Pages 871-884

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 January 2019
  • Revise Date: 26 February 2019
  • Accept Date: 13 April 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics